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GENETIC ENGINEERING: TRANSGENIC, INTRAGENIC AND CISGENIC MODIFICATIONS


16/05/09

The domestication of species for food was, gradually, genetically modifying the wild plants to the point that in most of them, is very difficult to identify the plants that originated the current primitive domesticated plants. This is due to the fact that the wild plants were adapted to life in nature, and produce toxins and other components for adverse human and animal, which had to be eliminated by ion.
However, in the twentieth century, through the development of Genetics, the plants have been modified with much greater efficiency, speed and control, through Genetic Engineering, a very exciting and challenging technique.
The first transgenic plants were obtained with genes for specific purposes, such as tolerance to herbicides and resistance to insects. Transgenesis is the genetic modification of a recipient plant with one or more genes any non-plant organism, or a donor plant that is sexually incompatible with the recipient plant. This includes gene sequences of any origin in the anti-sense orientation, any artificial combination of a coding sequence and a regulatory sequence, such as a promoter another gene, or a synthetic gene.
In 2003, researchers proposed to reduce the gap between the agricultural biotechnology companies and consumers, defining organisms transformed with foreign DNA as transgenic, by using the term for intragenic plants containing native DNA.
The intragenetic modification isolate specific elements of a plant gene, recombines them in vitro, and s the cassette of expression resulting in a plant that belongs to the same sexual compatibility group using DNAs of transfer (P-) derived plants as marker free processing.
This new method for Genetic Engineering improves the agronomic performance or nutritional characteristics of crops, but does not introduce traits that are new to the sexual compatibility. The intragenetic modification can also be applied to eliminate numerous allergens or toxins by silencing genes.
Cisgenesis is the genetic modification of a recipient plant with a natural gene a crossable sexually compatible plant. Such a gene includes its introns and is flanked by its native promoter and terminator in the normalsense orientation. Cisgenic plants can harbor one or more cisgenes, but they do not contain any transgenes.
Modern varieties demand a growing number of combined traits, for which pre-breeding methods with wild species are often needed. Introgression and translocation breeding require time-consuming backcrosses and simultaneous ion steps to overcome linkage drag. Breeding of crops using the traditional sources of genetic variation by cisgenesis can speed up the whole process dramatically, along with usage of existing promising varieties.
Therefore, we believe that cisgenesis is the basis of the second/ever green revolution needed in traditional plant breeding. For this goal to be achieved, exemption of the GM-regulation of cisgenes is needed.
So, lay, criticism and radicalism people, that are against these types of modifications, review yours concepts.

Autor(a): Lyra, D. H. 2009, v.1, n°6.

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